{"id":113970,"date":"2016-04-29T15:17:54","date_gmt":"2016-04-29T15:17:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/?p=113970"},"modified":"2023-02-10T16:43:55","modified_gmt":"2023-02-10T19:43:55","slug":"endonimos-y-exonimos-y-eso-que-es","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/es\/blog\/endonimos-y-exonimos-y-eso-que-es","title":{"rendered":"End\u00f3nimos y ex\u00f3nimos: \u00bfy eso qu\u00e9 es?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00bfAlguna vez se preguntaron por qu\u00e9 Londres se convierte en Londres o Londra pero Chicago se sigue llamando Chicago? Tal vez nunca hayan escuchado los t\u00e9rminos end\u00f3nimo y ex\u00f3nimo per se, pero seguramente se encontraron con estos conceptos al momentos de solicitar una traducci\u00f3n. La comprensi\u00f3n de estos dos conceptos seguramente har\u00e1 que la tarea de traducci\u00f3n sea m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil de abordar, y tambi\u00e9n ayudar\u00e1 a evitar algunos errores bastante comunes (algunos de ellos desastrosos).<\/p>\n

Los t\u00e9rminos end\u00f3nimo y ex\u00f3nimo se refieren a nombres de lugares, grupos \u00e9tnicos, idiomas o incluso nombres de individuos. Mientras que un end\u00f3nimo es el nombre dado por un grupo etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico, un ex\u00f3nimo, por el contrario, es el nombre dado a la misma cosa por un grupo etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico externo. Algunos ejemplos de end\u00f3nimos incluyen Deutschland, que es Alemania en alem\u00e1n, farsi que significa persa en… bueno, persa, la lengua hablada principalmente en Ir\u00e1n, pero tambi\u00e9n en otros pa\u00edses del sur y centro de Asia. A partir de estos mismos ejemplos, Alemania y persa son los ex\u00f3nimos ingleses de Deutschland y farsi.<\/p>\n

A veces los ex\u00f3nimos pueden ser muy similares a sus end\u00f3nimos. Adem\u00e1s, a menudo se tiende a simplificar el nombre dado (end\u00f3nimo) al idioma de destino, como en el caso de Brasil \/ Brazil e Italia \/ Italy. Aunque no existen pautas claras en cuanto a c\u00f3mo surgen los ex\u00f3nimos, una regla general a tener en cuenta es que la mayor\u00eda de las capitales europeas tienen ex\u00f3nimos en espa\u00f1ol, por ejemplo: Atenas (\u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \/ Ath\u00edna), Bruselas (Bruxelles, Brussel), Mosc\u00fa (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \/ Moskva), Praga (Praha), Viena (Wien) y Varsovia (Warszawa), entre muchos otros. Ustedes podr\u00e1n preguntarse, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 sucede esto? Bueno, porque los ex\u00f3nimos surgen, en este caso, para lugares significativos para personas de habla espa\u00f1ola. Sin embargo, otras capitales europeas pueden no tener ex\u00f3nimos en espa\u00f1ol pero tienen ex\u00f3nimos en idiomas hablados en las inmediaciones como en Ljubljana es Laibach en alem\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Gilberto Casta\u00f1eda Hern\u00e1ndez, en \u201cNavigating through Treacherous Waters: The Translation of Geographical Names<\/a>\u201d (Navegando aguas traicioneras: la traducci\u00f3n de los nombres geogr\u00e1ficos), menciona que \u00e9l tambi\u00e9n ha encontrado un patr\u00f3n muy similar en el que los nombres de ciudades m\u00e1s antiguas se traducen, mientras que los de las m\u00e1s modernas son menos propensos a tener ex\u00f3nimos. En este sentido, tambi\u00e9n encontr\u00f3 otro patr\u00f3n particularmente interesante: las ciudades europeas de m\u00e1s edad que terminan en el sufijo \u00abburg\u00bb como Hamburg, Strasbourg, Edinburgh y Saint Petersburg tienen traducci\u00f3n al espa\u00f1ol: Hamburgo, Estrasburgo, Edinburgo y San Petersburgo, respectivamente. Sin embargo, las ciudades que terminan en el mismo sufijo en Am\u00e9rica del Norte no se traducen. As\u00ed, Harrisburg y Pittsburgh se llaman tambi\u00e9n Harrisburg y Pittsburgh en espa\u00f1ol.<\/p>\n

Para a\u00f1adir a la complejidad de estas pautas, algunas capitales europeas mantienen sus end\u00f3nimos en la mayor\u00eda de otras lenguas europeas, como Madrid Berl\u00edn y \u00c1msterdam. As\u00ed que en conclusi\u00f3n, mi mejor consejo cuando se trata de la traducci\u00f3n de nombres es: \u00a1Investiguen! Mucha, mucha investigaci\u00f3n. Casta\u00f1eda-Hern\u00e1ndez recomienda la b\u00fasqueda de fuentes primarias siempre que haya una m\u00ednima duda sobre c\u00f3mo traducir un nombre. Tambi\u00e9n recomienda mantener el nombre del lugar en su idioma original en el caso de que no se encuentre informaci\u00f3n confiable sobre sus ex\u00f3nimos. Sin embargo, hace hincapi\u00e9 en que hay que asegurarse de que entender cu\u00e1l es el idioma original de esa entidad geogr\u00e1fica, particularmente en el caso de regiones con gran diversidad etnoling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p>\n

Si est\u00e1n interesados en aprender m\u00e1s sobre end\u00f3nimos y ex\u00f3nimos, pueden echar un vistazo a un mapa mundial de end\u00f3nimos visitando el siguiente enlace: https:\/\/endonymmap.com\/<\/a>. Ahora bien, si quieren ver un ejemplo de c\u00f3mo no traducir un mapa, hagan clic aqu\u00ed: https:\/\/haonowshaokao.com\/2013\/04\/25\/chinese-map-of-europe\/<\/a>. Si bien ambos mapas tienen algunos errores, de todas maneras son muy interesantes y ayudan a poner en perspectiva a los end\u00f3nimos y ex\u00f3nimos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u00bfAlguna vez se preguntaron por qu\u00e9 Londres se convierte en Londres o Londra pero Chicago se sigue llamando Chicago? Tal vez nunca hayan escuchado los t\u00e9rminos end\u00f3nimo y ex\u00f3nimo per\u2026\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8794,8893,8885],"tags":[9440,9460,9428],"class_list":["post-113970","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-para-compradores-de-traduccion","category-para-traductores","category-traduccion-profesional","tag-endonimos","tag-exonimos","tag-nombres-geograficos"],"yoast_head":"\nEnd\u00f3nimos y ex\u00f3nimos: \u00bfy eso qu\u00e9 es? - Trusted Translations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/es\/blog\/endonimos-y-exonimos-y-eso-que-es\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"End\u00f3nimos y ex\u00f3nimos: \u00bfy eso qu\u00e9 es? - Trusted Translations\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00bfAlguna vez se preguntaron por qu\u00e9 Londres se convierte en Londres o Londra pero Chicago se sigue llamando Chicago? 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