{"id":113121,"date":"2012-11-06T08:27:29","date_gmt":"2012-11-06T08:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/?p=113121"},"modified":"2022-04-13T18:20:58","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T18:20:58","slug":"les-premiers-traducteurs-furent-les-interpretes","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/fr\/blog\/les-premiers-traducteurs-furent-les-interpretes","title":{"rendered":"Les premiers \u00ab traducteurs \u00bb furent les interpr\u00e8tes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les d\u00e9buts de notre profession ne furent pas faciles, en raison du contenu hautement sensible des traductions, \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 les strat\u00e9gies militaires \u00e9taient discutables, et o\u00f9 le message port\u00e9 par l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation ou la traduction \u00e9taient souvent tr\u00e8s \u00ab ajust\u00e9 \u00bb aux int\u00e9r\u00eats politiques ou militaires.<\/p>\n

Au cours de ces premiers moments de l’histoire de la traduction, le travail r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par les pionniers de la profession \u00e9tait une \u00ab interpr\u00e9tation \u00bb et non une \u00ab traduction \u00bb, puisque les documents \u00e9crits et les personnes sachant \u00e9crire \u00e9taient plut\u00f4t rares.<\/p>\n

Les premiers ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents du m\u00e9tier d\u2019interpr\u00e8te remontent \u00e0 l\u2019empire babylonien (III\u00e8me s. av. J-C.), du fait du conflit entre Sum\u00e9riens, d\u2019\u00e9criture cun\u00e9iforme, agglutinante et dot\u00e9e d\u2019une repr\u00e9sentation graphique des id\u00e9es, et les S\u00e9mites, dont la langue \u00e9tait de base phon\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

Durant la seconde \u00e9poque de l\u2019empire babylonien (Ier s. av. J-C.), les interpr\u00e8tes devinrent plus importants non seulement pour les activit\u00e9s guerri\u00e8res des monarques, mais aussi en raison des \u00e9changes commerciaux intenses entre Orient et Occident.<\/p>\n

La civilisation Hittite (1900 \u00e0 1200 av. J-C.) se traduit \u00e9galement par un essor de la profession, avec la diffusion de la langue acadienne et la d\u00e9finition du kentum, langue de la diplomatie. Les Hittites traduisaient par ailleurs de nombreux messages pour chacun des peuples conquis.<\/p>\n

En Chine, les activit\u00e9s de traduction les plus anciennes remontent \u00e0 la dynastie Zhou (1100 av. J-C.). Elles \u00e9taient r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par des fonctionnaires qui souhaitaient transmettre leur id\u00e9ologie. C\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de la dynastie Zhou qu\u2019apparaissent en effet les \u00e9coles de pens\u00e9e antiques fond\u00e9es par Confucius, Mencius, Lao Tseu et Tchouang Tseu.<\/p>\n

Par la suite, au cours de la dynastie Han (206 av. J-C.), la traduction devient un instrument pour diffuser des connaissances \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Au d\u00e9but de la dynastie, le plus ancien livre de m\u00e9decine chinoise est r\u00e9dig\u00e9, expliquant sous forme de dialogue les divers ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes physiologiques et pathologiques et d\u00e9crivant la circulation du sang et l\u2019importance de l\u2019examen du pouls dans la r\u00e9alisation du diagnostic. Les traitements pour plus de 300 maladies y \u00e9taient expliqu\u00e9s. Au cours de cette p\u00e9riode historique, plus de 365 m\u00e9dicaments sont r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s : plus de 252 d\u2019origine v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, 67 d\u2019origine animale et 46 d\u2019origine min\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n

Au cours du Ier si\u00e8cle, le bouddhisme p\u00e9n\u00e8tre en Chine. Entre l\u2019an 148 et 171, le perse An Shigao traduit les so\u00fbtras (aphorismes du sanscrit) au chinois et introduit en Chine les concepts de l\u2019astronomie. La d\u00e9votion au bouddhisme favorise la formation d\u2019une \u00e9cole de traduction avec de tr\u00e8s nombreuses traductions de so\u00fbtras (d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 toujours plus grande). Une \u00e9volution similaire est observable avec l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique, comme nous l\u2019analysions dans notre article pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent : la Fonction sociale de la traduction dans le pass\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019un des moines bouddhistes les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres fut Xuan Zang, qui en 629 entreprit de voyager en Inde pour y trouver un ma\u00eetre spirituel. Il revint avec des statues en or de Bouddha et avec une collection de 124 aphorismes sanscrits et 520 manuscrits. L\u2019empereur de la dynastie Tang lui fit construire une pagode sp\u00e9ciale pour le moine puisse d\u00e9dier le reste de son existence \u00e0 traduire les manuscrits bouddhistes.<\/p>\n

Pour acc\u00e9der au post original en espagnol, cliquez sur le lien suivant :
Los primeros \u00ab\u00a0traductores\u00a0\u00bb fueron los int\u00e9rpretes<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Les d\u00e9buts de notre profession ne furent pas faciles, en raison du contenu hautement sensible des traductions, \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 les strat\u00e9gies militaires \u00e9taient discutables, et o\u00f9 le message\u2026\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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