{"id":163870,"date":"2022-11-18T03:22:10","date_gmt":"2022-11-18T03:22:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/?post_type=blog&p=163870"},"modified":"2022-11-18T03:36:04","modified_gmt":"2022-11-18T03:36:04","slug":"parlez-vous-tutnais","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.trustedtranslations.com\/fr\/blog\/parlez-vous-tutnais","title":{"rendered":"Parlez-vous le tutnais\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u2019histoire linguistique de l’humanit\u00e9 regorge de langues mortes. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les cultures interagissent, leurs langues \u00e9voluent (imaginez \u00e0 quel point il serait difficile de comprendre un anglophone du XVe ou XVIe si\u00e8cle) et parfois s’\u00e9teignent, comme cela s’est produit avec plusieurs langues, par exemple, l’\u00e9gyptien ancien. Cela ne veut pas dire que les langues ou vari\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9teintes sont un myst\u00e8re. Cela signifie tout simplement qu’ils n’ont plus le m\u00eame usage. Cela peut \u00eatre dit du tutnais.<\/p>\n

Cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d’anglais fut d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au XIXe si\u00e8cle par des esclaves africains aux \u00c9tats-Unis pour communiquer entre eux en secret. Selon la chercheuse Gloria McIlwain<\/a>, le d\u00e9veloppement de cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 motiv\u00e9 par la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’apprendre \u00e0 lire. Mais il servait aussi \u00e0 parler secr\u00e8tement devant les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019esclaves de l’\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n

La phonologie du tutnais suit un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 ludique, comme celui du javanais, par exemple. Chaque consonne est remplac\u00e9e par une syllabe, et le mot se prononce comme si l\u2019on l’\u00e9pelait. McIlwain a publi\u00e9 l’alphabet tutnais<\/a>, avec une cl\u00e9 phon\u00e9tique pour chacune de ces prononciations.<\/p>\n

Bien s\u00fbr, comme dans toute langue, il existe des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s r\u00e9gionales dans les syllabes ins\u00e9r\u00e9es. Par exemple<\/a>, dans certaines familles, le w<\/i> \u00e9tait prononc\u00e9 comme \/wax\/, tandis que, dans d’autres, comme \/wug\/. La m\u00eame chose s’est produite avec le h<\/i>, qui pourrait \u00eatre prononc\u00e9 comme \/hug\/ dans une r\u00e9gion ou comme \/hush\/ dans une autre.<\/p>\n

Ces variations dans le tutnais sont li\u00e9es \u00e0 l’\u00e9volution de la langue au cours de ses deux cents ans d’existence et au fait qu’elle s’est transmise de bouche \u00e0 oreille et de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. Selon le grand-p\u00e8re de McIlwain, un descendant des esclaves qui utilisait la langue, parler tutnais aurait pu lui co\u00fbter la vie. C’est pourquoi beaucoup d\u2019Afro-Am\u00e9ricains sont surpris d’apprendre que cette langue existe.<\/p>\n

Contrairement au javanais, le tutnais peut, bien que dans un sens quelque peu limit\u00e9e, \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de la langue anglaise. C’est ce qu’on appelle un argot<\/em>, une langue secr\u00e8te utilis\u00e9e par un groupe en particulier pour emp\u00eacher les autres de comprendre leurs conversations. Le tutnais remplissait une fonction linguistique importante au sein de sa communaut\u00e9 en tant que principale forme de communication. Pour les esclaves, le tutnais constituait la base de leur \u00e9ducation et de leur vie interpersonnelle au m\u00eame titre que n’importe quelle langue.<\/p>\n

Cependant, le tutnais n\u2019a pas surv\u00e9cu au-del\u00e0 de la p\u00e9riode d’esclavage aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Jusqu’aux ann\u00e9es 70, de nombreuses familles constitu\u00e9s par des descendants d\u2019esclaves afro-am\u00e9ricains gardaient le tutnais secr\u00e8te, car l’utiliser pour tromper les blancs aurait pu \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme pr\u00e9tentieux. Parler en secret repr\u00e9sentait un avantage et pouvait \u00eatre per\u00e7u comme une menace pour la population blanche monolingue.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9sormais, beaucoup d\u2019Afro-Am\u00e9ricains apprennent les tutanais et partagent des vid\u00e9os<\/a>, des guides et des commentaires sur le sujet sur diff\u00e9rentes plateformes de r\u00e9saux sociaux. De nombreux jeunes, notamment ceux qui publient sur TikTok, sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 faire revivre cette langue. Pour ceux qui veulent apprendre le tutnais, il existe des cours sur Google Classroom et sur les serveurs Discord<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bien s\u00fbr, cela ne veut pas dire qu’il n’y a pas de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 faire revivre le tutnais. Sp\u00e9cialement parce que r\u00e9introduire cette langue l’expose \u00e0 un public qui d\u00e9passe la communaut\u00e9 \u00e0 laquelle elle appartient. Et cela serait absurde pour un langage qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour communiquer en secret.<\/p>\n

Cela dit, il est difficile d’\u00e9viter ce dilemme. Diffuser cette langue aujourd’hui, c’est la diffuser aupr\u00e8s de l’ensemble de la population.<\/p>\n

Cependant, bien qu’il comporte quelques difficult\u00e9s, le tutnais a fait son retour au sein de la communaut\u00e9 afro-am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n

Photo de Cl\u00e9ment Eastwood chez Pexels<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"L\u2019histoire linguistique de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 regorge de langues mortes. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les cultures interagissent, leurs langues \u00e9voluent (imaginez \u00e0 quel point il serait difficile de comprendre un\u2026\n","protected":false},"author":116,"featured_media":163321,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[17432],"tags":[17990,17964,19197,17989],"class_list":["post-163870","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-langues-fr","tag-argot-es","tag-argot-ludique","tag-langues-mortes-fr","tag-tiktok-ru"],"yoast_head":"\nParlez-vous le tutnais\u00a0? - Trusted Translations, Inc.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les esclaves africains aux \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 cach\u00e9e de la langue anglaise pour communiquer secr\u00e8tement et apprendre \u00e0 \u00e9crire. 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